384-322B.C. Ancient Greeks Deny Deaf Education

A.D. 345-550 Early Christians See Deafness as Sin

1500's Deaf Education Develops

1620

1760 French Sign Language Established

1760

1788

1817- First American School for the Deaf Founded

1818

1820

1823

1837

1839

1847

1850's A Deaf State Is Proposed

1864

1867
Lexington School opens in NYC

1870's Alexander Graham Bell Promotes Deaf Education

1876
Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone

1880 The Conference of Milan Endorses Oral Education

1890

1880's-1920's Deaf Players Change Baseball and Football

1892 Electrical Hearing Aid Invented

1894

1901

1909

1910's-1950's Deaf Employment Skyrockets

1957

1958

1960

1964 Phone for Deaf Invented

1964 Oral Deaf Education Labeled 'Failure'

1966

1970's Total Communication Leads to Mainstreaming

1972 Program Captioning Introduced

1973 Disabled Gain Right to Equal Access

1975

1984

1985 Cochlear Implants Approved

1986

1987 Deaf Actress Wins Oscar

1988 Deaf President Now' Protest Held

1990 Americans with Disabilities Act Passed

1990 Deaf Schools Termed 'Restrictive'

1992

1993

1995 First Deaf Miss America Crowned

2003

2004

2006

The philosopher Aristotle claims that "Deaf people could not be educated [since] without hearing, people could not learn."

St. Augustine tells early Christians that deaf children are a sign of God's anger at the sins of their parents. Meanwhile, Benedictine monks take vows of silence to better honor God. To communicate necessary information, they develop their own form of sign language.

The physician Geronimo Cardano of Padua, Italy, attempts to teach his deaf son using a code of symbols. Pedro Ponce de Leon, a Benedictine monk, successfully teaches speech to people deaf since birth.

Juan Pablo Bonet, an advocate of early sign language, writes the first well-known book of manual alphabetic signs for the deaf in 1620.

A French priest, Charles Michel De L'Eppe, establishes the first free public school for the deaf in France. De L'Eppe tries to develop a bridge between the deaf and hearing worlds through a system of standardized signs and finger spelling.

At the same time, oral educators make strides in Spain, Germany, France, Holland and England. Among the most successful oral teachers of the deaf is Samuel Heinicke, a German educator. Heinicke teaches pupils speech by having them feel his throat while he speaks; his techniques are called "the German Method."

Charles Michel De L’Eppe publishes a dictionary of French sign language.

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, an American interested in deaf education, travels to Europe where he meets the Archbishop Roche Sicard, the author of "Theory of Signs,” and successor to De L’Eppe. Sicard sends one of his instructors, Laurent Clerc, and the pair found the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.

The New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb is founded.

Pennsylvania School for the Deaf is founded.

Kentucky School for the Deaf, the first school supported by the state, opens.

In St. Louis, Missouri, St. Joseph's the first Catholic school for the deaf, opens.

The Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind opens. It is the first school to integrate deaf and blind students.

American Annals of the Deaf first proposes the idea of higher education for the Deaf.

John Flournoy, proposes to Congress that land be set aside in the western territories for the creation of a deaf state, where deaf people could better enjoy their own community and flourish unrestrained by prejudice and the restrictive good intentions of hearing society.

The Enabling Act is signed by President Abraham Lincoln and Gallaudet College Opens. Abraham Lincoln signs the charter for the Washington, D.C.- based college for the deaf. Originally known as the National College for the Deaf and Dumb, it is the only accredited facility for the Deaf in the United States to offer college degrees. Today, Gallaudet remains a leader in higher education for the Deaf.

Lexington School becomes the first pure oral school in the country. Clarke school soon follows in Northhampton, MA.

Telephone inventor Bell, whose mother was hard of hearing and whose father spent much of his life promoting a defunct teaching method for the deaf called "visible speech," begins his career as a deaf educator. In 1872, he opens a school in Boston that concentrates on oral methods of instruction for teachers of the deaf.

Armed with wealth and enormous recognition, Bell goes on to found the Volta Bureau to promote oral- based education for deaf children. A period of upheaval in deaf education begins with a backlash against sign language.

In a move with repercussions well into the future, this international gathering of deaf educators pronounces oral education methods superior to manual communications systems. The American Delegation expresses the only opposition to the vote. Manual education had made great strides in the United States at that time.

The National Association of the Deaf (NAD) is founded and gains support in reaction to the Milan resolution.

In 1901, baseball's American League gets its first grand slam thanks to William "Dummy" Hoy, a deaf player. Umpire hand signals are developed so that Hoy can see a strike call from the outfield. In the 1920s, Gallaudet University's football team keeps its plays a secret by hiding signed instructions in a huddle formation.

While early hearing aids are not easy to use (most weigh several pounds and must be placed on a desk), the carbon-based microphones, powered by large three-and six-volt batteries, give hearing-impaired people truly amplified sound for the first time.

The National Deaf Mute College is renamed as Gallaudet College in honor of Thomas H. Gallaudet, it’s first President.

The First Electric Hearing Aid (radio aid) is Developed.

William Howard Taft overturns Roosevelt's earlier decision to prohibit deaf people from taking civil service exams for federal jobs.

During World War I and II the Deaf are not allowed to serve in the U.S. military. Many take manufacturing jobs and new deaf communities flourish. In Europe, the Deaf are allowed to serve. In the field, commands are given using special signs that can be seen at a distance.

Ida Wynette Gray Hampton is the first African- American woman to graduate from Gallaudet College.

President Dwight Eisenhower signs PL 85-905 establishing Captioned films for the Deaf.

Stokoe publishes his findings about sign language as a legitimate language. In 1965 a Dictionary of ASL on Linguistic Principles is published. Pilgrim Imagining starts open captioning in the Caption Films for the Deaf Program, under U.S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare. Robin Michelson and colleague Melvin Bartz construct a cochlear device with biocompatible materials that can be implanted in human patients. This system is implanted in 4 patients, and the report of hearing results.

Phone for Deaf Invented and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) is established. Robert Weitbrecht, who is deaf, invents the teletypewriter (TTY), which enables deaf people to use phone lines to call each other and type out their conversations. Located on the campus of the Rochester Institute of Technology, NTID is the first technological college for deaf students in the world.

Congress issues the Babbidge Report on oral deaf education and concludes that it has been a "dismal failure."

The National Theater of the Deaf is Established.

Total Communication, a combination of manual and speech-based instruction for the Deaf is developed and promoted. The Total Communication system becomes the foundation for a new approach to deaf education within public school systems. By 1975, Public Law 94-142, is passed requiring “handicapped” children in the U.S. be provided with free and appropriate education, allowing many to be mainstreamed into regular public schools, where they receive special instruction but interact with the general public school population.

The Caption Center at WGBH in Boston open captions "The French Chef" the country's first nationally broadcast captioned program.

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The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 includes a section requiring federally funded organizations to provide TTY phones and interpreters for the Deaf.

On November 29th President Ford signs PL 94-142 into law. The law guarantees each disabled child to receive a free, appropriate public education.

Allen Ginsberg visits NTID for the Deaf Beat Summit.

The cochlear implant is approved for clinical trials in people 18 and older. The device is a mechanical prosthesis of sorts for the inner ear. It bypasses the bones of the inner ear, placing electrodes directly into the cochlea, where sound waves are absorbed and interpreted by the auditory nerve.

Gallaudet becomes a University.

Marlee Matlin becomes the first deaf actress to win an Academy Award, for her role in the movie "Children of a Lesser God." NTID hosts the first National Deaf Poetry Conference.

Students and faculty at Gallaudet University protest the selection of another hearing president. After eight days of student protests, I. King Jordan is named the first deaf president of Gallaudet University. Congress recommends that American Sign Language be used as the primary language for the Deaf, with English as a second language.

Discriminatory practices and obstacles to accessibility for the handicapped are both outlawed. The law has a huge impact on the wheel chair dependent, and also requires greater communications, education, and employment opportunities for the Deaf.

The 1972 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is re-adopted and amended to recommend that disabled students should attend schools with the "least restrictive environment." Residential deaf schools are struck a blow as they become labeled the "most restrictive environment." Enrollment plunges, and some schools close their doors.

President George H.W Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act into Law, protecting the right of the disabled to education, employment, accessible buildings, and other reasonable accommodations.

The FCC requires that all newly manufactured televisions have the caption decoding chip.

Heather Whitestone, an orally educated deaf woman from Birmingham, Alabama, wins the coveted crown. She states, "[Speech] worked for me, but it does not work for all deaf children.

The British Government recognizes British Sign Language as a bona-fide language.

Deaf Jam, a documentary film championing American Sign Language Poetry, begins production.

There are an estimated 560 million people in the world with a hearing loss.